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STANDARD E3: THE SOLID EARTH Students explain how scientists study and model the interior of the Earth and its dynamic nature. They use the theory of plate tectonics, the unifying theory of geology, to explain a wide variety of Earth features and processes and how hazards resulting from these processes impact society.
E3.p1 Landforms and Soils (prerequisite) Landforms are the result of a combination of constructive and destructive forces. Constructive forces include crustal deformation, volcanic eruptions, and deposition of sediments transported in rivers, streams, and lakes through watersheds. Destructive forces include weathering and erosion. The weathering of rocks and decomposed organic matter result in the formation of soils.	Oceanography - Students will use process skills to complete tasks related to physical and geological oceanography. Road Scholar - Participants will respond to interpretative map questions based on one or more state highway maps, internet-generated maps, or a road atlas, and one or more USGS topographic maps. Rocks and Minerals - Teams will demonstrate their knowledge of rocks and minerals.
E3.p2 Rocks and Minerals (prerequisite) Igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks are constantly forming and changing through various processes. As they do so, elements move through the geosphere. In addition to other geologic features, rocks and minerals are indicators of geologic and environmental conditions that existed in the past.	Rocks and Minerals - Teams will demonstrate their knowledge of rocks and minerals.
E3.p3 Basic Plate Tectonics (prerequisite) Early evidence for the movement of continents was based on the similarities of coastlines, geology, faunal distributions, and paleoclimatelogical data across the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. In the 1960s, additional evidence from marine geophysical surveys, seismology, volcanology, and paleomagnetism resulted in the development of the theory of plate tectonics.	Oceanography - Students will use process skills to complete tasks related to physical and geological oceanography.